Should You Get Your Baby a Social Security Number

Despite the fact that many people object to being tracked by the U.S. government from the cradle to the grave, there are several at least convenient reasons for parents to get Social Security numbers for their newborn babies. Why So Soon? While it is not required, most parents now apply for their new babys Social Security number before they even leave the hospital. According to the Social Security Administration (SSA), there are several good reasons for doing so. The most common reason is that in order to for you to claim an exemption for your child as a dependent on your federal income tax, he or she will need a Social Security number. In addition, if you qualify for the child tax credit, you will need your childs Social Security number to claim it. Your child may also need a Social Security number if you plan to: Obtain health insurance for your child or add your child to your own health care plan;Open a bank or savings account for your child;Buy savings bonds for your child; or Apply for government benefits or services for your child. How to Do It: At the Hospital The easiest and fastest way to get your new baby a Social Security number is to say you want one when you give the hospital information for your babys birth certificate. You will need to provide both parents Social Security numbers if possible. However, you can still apply even if you do not know both parents Social Security numbers. When you apply at the hospital, your application is first processed by your state and then by Social Security. While each state has different processing times, about 2 weeks is average. Add another 2 weeks for processing by Social Security. You will get your childs Social Security card in the mail. If you do not get your childs Social Security card in the indicated time, you can call Social Security at 1-800-772-1213 (TTY 1-800-325-0778) between 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., Monday through Friday. How to Do It: At the Social Security Office If you didnt deliver your baby at a hospital or you chose not to apply in the hospital, you will need to visit your local Social Security Administration office in order to get your baby a Social Security number. At the Social Security office, you will need to do three things: Complete an Application for a Social Security Card (Form SS-5);Provide original documents proving your childs identity, age and U.S. citizenship status; andProvide documents proving your identity (drivers license, passport, etc.). Ideally, you should provide your childs original birth certificate or a certified copy of the birth certificate. Other documents that might be accepted include; hospital records of birth, religious records, U.S. passport, or U.S. immigration document. Note that children 12 and older will need to appear in person when applying for a Social Security number.The SSA provides a complete list of documents accepted when applying for a new or replacement Social Security number on their web site at http://www.ssa.gov/ssnumber/ss5doc.htm. What About Adopted Children? If your adopted child does not already have a Social Security number, the SSA can assign one. While the SSA can give your adopted child a Social Security number before the adoption is complete, you may want to wait. Once the adoption is complete, you will be able to apply using your childs new name, and listing you as the parent.For tax purposes, you might want to claim an exemption for your adopted child before the adoption is still pending. In this case, you need to send the IRS a Form W-7A, Application for Taxpayer Identification Number for Pending U.S. Adoptions. What Does it Cost? Nothing. There is no charge for getting a new or replacement Social Security number and card. All Social Security services are free. If someone wants to charge you for getting a number or card, you should report them to the SSAs Office of the Inspector General hotline at 1-800-269-0271.

Managing Diversity Within An Organization - 1674 Words

Managing Diversity is often defined as a â€Å"management philosophy of recognising and valuing heterogeneity in organisations with a view to improve organisational performance† (Ozbilgin and Tatli, 2011). Hence recognising the wide variety of qualities possessed by people within an organisation and creating an environment that understands, values and utilises the differences within people. Due to the rapidly growing trends of a more diverse workforce, diverse market and globalisations of businesses, managing diversity is essential for business success through maximisation of utilization of a firm’s most important resources, its employees. This reflects two broad areas of investigation within managing diversity, one includes studies of the instrumental ways that diversity contributes to organisational performance; the other considers ethical and responsible ways that diversity at work can be managed. The Moral case has often been expressed in terms of Equal Opportunitie s, which has found manifestation in various pieces of legislation; the business case, instead, is often referred to in terms of managing diversity. However, it is hard to fully separate managing diversity in the workplace from the provision of equal employment opportunities, as legislation shapes the way in which diversity is managed found manifestation in various pieces of legislation; the business case, instead, is often referred to in terms of managing diversity. Recently, there has been a high-profile debateShow MoreRelatedAn Article On Managing Cultural Diversity Within Sports Organizations : A Theoretical Perspective963 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of diversity in sports. For example, Leo Kahane, Neil Longley, and Robert Simmons wrote an article titled â€Å"The Effects of Coworker Heterogeneity on Firm-Level Output: Assessing the Impacts of Cultural and Language Diversity in the National Hockey League,† and this article talks about how teams and players have to deal with teammates that are culturally from a different background. Also, Alison J. Doherty wrote an article titled â€Å"Managing Cultural Diversity in Sport Organizations: A TheoreticalRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires a typeRead MoreThe Impact Of Contemporary Uk On New Zealand Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe increase in globalization has enabled a plethora of means in which organizations can access more talent and new technology that have become available. Due to this phenomenon, businesses have required to become more creative and embrace change as an essential method of staying competitive in their marketplace. The increase in ethnic group migration to New Zealand and the concept of managing this diverse range of culture and interacting with individuals with different cultures, belief systems isRead MoreManaging Diversity Within The Workplace1605 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- Managing Diversity in the workplace requires a lot of focus, training, and time. This paper gives an insight into the world of management and how diversity plays a big part. It explores the key benefits to putting emphasis on diversity and also how not putting emphasis on diversity could hurt your business. This paper also gives examples on how to go about managing diversity in the workplace. With proper focus on managing diversity, your organization can be at a big advantage. I. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreManaging Organizational Diversity845 Words   |  3 Pagesnon-profit and profit organizations to not only become open to change but also be creative. According to Kouzes Barry (2002) â€Å"management of diversity has gained popularity in the recent years and despite its distinct contexts, it is gaining more attention as a result of demographic development, mobility of national and global workforce, international and globalised business as well as increased competitiveness†. Diversity is not only beneficial to the employees but also to organizations’ managers. EvenRead MoreThe Best Practices Diversity Management And How Do They Improve Organizational Performance?924 Words   |  4 Pagespractices in diversity management and how do they improve organizational performance? Introduction As we enter the new phase of modern labor, diversity in the workforce is rapidly increasing. This wave of multiculturalism is here to stay and cannot be ignored by the present workers or students that are preparing to take charge of the future workforce. It is in need of attention in order to uphold the well-being and success of businesses and organizations all over the world. Diversity TheRead MoreEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 Pagesand non-profit organizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplaceRead MoreManaging Workforce Diversity: Principles of Management643 Words   |  3 PagesManaging workforce diversity: Principles of management Workforce diversity can be an organizations greatest strength provided it is managed correctly. Diversity can generate organizational value. Workers of diverse backgrounds can provide input to management about how to cope with the challenges of the global marketplace. A Japanese-American employee can provide advice about to deal with a client from the Far East; a female employee can offer her input about how to market a new product to sparkRead MoreStrategic Thinking : A Coherent, Integrative And Unifying Framework For Making Decisions1452 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans that innovation and strategy are converging to help in productivity. Innovation has the potential to change the agents within an organization to become better entrepreneurs to meet various challenges. Strategic thinking is crucial in creating a coherent, integrative and unifying framework for making decisions particular regarding the direction in which an organization goes and the resources it plans to utilize (Goldsmit h, 2009). In some way, strategic thinking utilizes external and internalRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorkforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizations

Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh Free Essays

Home  Ã‚  About Bangladesh  Ã‚  Investment and Trade  Ã‚  FDI in Bangladesh Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh| | | | Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a key role in the modernization of the Bangladesh economy for the last 15 years. | Inflows of Foreign Direct InvestmentThere was an inflows of $666m foreign direct investment in 2007 which raised significantly in 2008 to $1086m. As of 2011, inflows of foreign direct investment recorded to $1136. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8m. Inflows of foreign direct investment during 2007-2011Source: World Investment Report 2011  Private Investment Statistics Year| Proposed Local Investment| Proposed Foreign Investment| Total Proposed Investment| Growth %  | | Project| BDT| Project| BDT| Project| BDT| | 2005-2006| 1754| 18370| 135| 24986| 1889| 43356| 124. 62| 2006-2007| 1930| 19658| 191| 11925| 2121| 31583| -27. 15| 2007-2008| 1615| 19553| 143| 5433| 1758| 24986| -20. 9| 2008-2009| 1336| 17117| 132| 14749| 1468| 31867| 27. 54| 2009-2010| 1470| 27414| 160| 6261| 1630| 33678| 5. 67| 2010-2011| 1298| 39976| 148| 26935| 1446| 66912| 98. 71| 2011-2012| 1604| 497078| 209| 338910| 1813| 835989| 212| * March, 2012Source:Bangladesh Economic Review-2011 (Bangla version),  Ministry of FinanceForeign and Joint Venture InvestmentIn the year 2009-10 (February), there were 89 new foreign and joint venture investment projects registered to BOI which amount to $590m. The projects were invested to mainly in the service, engineering, clothing and agricultural sectors. Sectorwise foreign and joint venture investment during 2010-2011** As of March, 2011Source:Bangladesh Economic Review-2011 (Bangla version),  Ministry of FinanceCountrywise foreign and joint venture investment during 2009-2010* Country| No. of Projects| Proposed Investment (US$ m)| Saudi Arabia| 3| 478. 652| Australia| 4| 2. 036| USA| 5| 2. 990| Finland| 2| 3. 023| India| 9| 8. 451| South Korea| 12| 33. 768| Malaysia| 3| 3. 056| Netherlands| 5| 8. 544| China| 12| 21. 000| United Kingdom| 5| 3. 507| Pakistan| 2| 0. 990| Japan| 8| 2. 624| Denmark| 1| 1. 217| Sri Lanka| 2| 0. 646| Canada| 2| 1. 017| Taiwan| 1| 0. 502| Singapore| 4| 1. 929| Turkey| 1| 0. 150| Greece| 1| 0. 156| Italy| 2| 1. 039| Hong Kong| 5| 14. 805| Total| 89| 590. 102| As of February, 2010Source:Bangladesh Economic Review-2011 (Bangla version),  Ministry of Finance| How to cite Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh, Essay examples

Business Research Methodology Management

Question: Compare and contrast three business research papers as to describe how the researchers considered ethical concerns, ensured validity, performed data collection, and defined measurements using proper scales. Explain why the researchers exhibited similarities and differences in how they considered ethical concerns, ensured validity, performed data collection, and defined measurements using proper scales. Derive two rules given the above analysis. Explain why the rules you derived is important. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the essay is to contrast and compare three different article business research papers based on the way the researcher has defined the variables and the theoretical framework. The three essays considered for the analysis and comparison is based on leadership styles, its impact and consequences on the performance and employee outcome. The three articles are compared with respect to different methods and measures that are used by the researcher. The first article is examines the impact of transformational, transactional and non-transactional leadership on the outcomes of the workforce in International Luxury Hotels which also included the additional effort, efficiency and the satisfaction with the manager. The second article is studies the role of top management ethical leadership through ethical and procedural justice climate on the organizational performance. The third article considers the relationship between the ethical leadership and the work-related well being which is of two types: work engagement and emotional exhaustion (Alshammari, N. Almutairi Fahad Thuwaini, 2015). The essay will focus on the similarities and differences in the way the researcher approached the research. Article 1: The researcher of Article 1 collected data from the employees of the eleven 4-star hotels in Spain. The researcher performed sequence of statistical analyses which identified the factors of three leadership approach through the multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ), examined the impact of leadership styles on the outcome of the employees and assessed the restraining consequence of the diverse types of ownership of hotels on the connection between the leadership styles and employee result (Quintana, Park Cabrera, 2014). The data analysis included ten hypotheses and the data collected was based on the paper based survey from the employees of the international hotels. The paper based survey was conducted on 405 employees of three departments of the eleven hotels. The total valid responses that were collected were only 191 with the response rate to be 24.6%, 18.3%, 23.1% and 34% for the reception, restaurant, housekeeping and other staffs of the department. The content validity of the instrument is ensured by the researcher by an invitation to the group of hotel professionals requested evaluation of the sample and the clarity of the process. The responses of the respondents were calculated based on a 5- point Likert scale. According to the MLQ measurements, a professional panel and the pre-test ensured the content validity. The data analysis of carried out as descriptive analysis and the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis which tested the hypotheses with the help of SEM and multiple regression analysis. Although the research did not include any ethical concern but the fact that the employees have participated in the survey ensures that the ethical concern has been expressed by the researcher and permission and requests have been made for the completion of the research. Variables used in the research: In the Structural estimation model, there were two variables of transformational leadership which is the idealized attributes and intellectual simulation. The researcher also considered three dependent variables for the commencement of the multiple regression analysis. The dependent variables are transformational leadership as idealized attributes, idealized behavior, inspiration motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual simulation, transactional leadership as conditional reward and management by exception (active and passive) and the Non-transactional leadership as Laissez- Faire. The dependent variables are Satisfaction, added effort and the effectiveness. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework developed by the researcher recommended incorporating factors to derive efficient management of leadership styles to enhance the employee outcomes within the hotel industry: Improving the leadership qualities of the managers Encouragement of the employees by rewards and recognition Training for increasing the association between the employees and the employers Article 2: The theoretical framework of the Article 2 is empirically tested using the multi source data acquired from 4468 employees of the 147 Korean companies covering different industries. The research focused on two firm level outcome variables which are the organizational citizen behavior (OCB) and financial performance. The researcher framed five hypotheses based in the relationship between the top management ethical leadership and the organizational outcomes. The hypotheses was test using a corporate survey data collection method by the Korean Research Institute of Vocational Education and Training and the financial performance of each of the organization was obtained from each of the organization acquired by the Korean Investors Service (KIS) (Shin, Sung, Choi Kim, 2014). The researcher conducted stratified random sampling to draw the sample from the private organization listed under the KIS. The corporate survey conducted over 4231 employees where the responses were based on five-poin t Likert scale. Variables used in the research: The control variables are organization size, manufacturing industry, banking industry, service industry, construction industry, top management ethical leadership. Ethical climate, procedural justice climate, Firm level OCB and the financial performance. The researcher has taken permission from the employees and the top management of all the companies on conducting the survey without disclosing any information of any employee and managers. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework implemented by the research had suggested certain aspects that needs to be considered to improve the ethical leadership quality so that the performance of the firm is improved: Appointing appropriate managers. Shaping the cognition and behavior of the organizational members Formulating the ethical norms within the organization Provision of training to both the employees and employers Article 3: The study of Article 3 scrutinized the reconciling role of trust in supervisor. The researcher conducted survey to collect data from 216 trainee accountants from an array of organization. In this research, the structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to test the five hypotheses (Chughtai, Byrne Flood, 2014). The survey was conducted at two time periods. For the descriptive statistics the variables are gender, age, ethical leadership, trust in supervisor, work engagement and emotional exhaustion. For the measurement model there are four latent variables such as the ethical leadership, trust in supervisor, work engagement and emotional exhaustion. The researcher had been concerned about the ethical aspects of the survey and so the Research Ethics Committee of the researchers university had granted ethical approval for the conduct of the research. Theoretical framework: In this article that theoretical framework which the researcher has used to improve the well being: Improving the relationship between the supervisor and trainees Developing the trust between the trainee and supervisor Ensuring that the organization has high employee engagement Both the article 1 and article 2 defined the dependent variables to be the leadership styles. The method of data collection is similar as both the type of researcher used the survey method based on questionnaires provided to the employees. The independent variables for both the research are the organizational outcomes and performances. The measurement of the survey for both the article is the five-point Likert scale which helped to analyze the organizational behavior. As far as the third article is concerned, the dependent variables include the ethical leadership. The third article also conducted a survey similar to article 1 and 2 but with two time periods. The reasons for the definition of the variables are that all the three articles are based on the leadership styles and patterns in different sectors. The first and the third article both had used the SEM and multiple regression analysis to obtain the results (Chatterjee, 2014). The operationalized variables in the first article include three divisions in the leadership style which are transformational, transactional and non-transactional leadership and the employee outcome is also segregated into additional effort, efficiency and the satisfaction with the manager. The second and the third article deal in the impact of ethical leadership on the organizational outcomes and the employee well being (Chughtai, 2015). The difference in the third article and the first and second article is that in the third article the survey is conducted within two periods whereas the other articles conducted survey within a single period. The reason behind the differences is to avoid the common method variance. The difference in the defining variables is as such similar except that the leadership styles are operationalized in the article 1 and it is the ethical leadership that is considered in the article 2 and 3 (Garrett, 2010). Conclusion: The time is one of the most important elements of research design. The analysis has revealed that a casual relationship implies that some time has gone between the cause and the consequences. Hence for the research design it is the time element that must be incorporated so that the common variance method is eliminated and the analysis is done clearly. Thus, the three articles though focus on the aspect of leadership styles and the ethical leadership and their impact on the employee performance, outcome and the well being. All the research are based on the questionnaire survey but the results data analysis for some research is the SEM and for second research is the PLS (Lu Lin, 2013). Although each of the research has certain limitations but it is the time dimension that must be incorporated within the research method (Weber Gerde, 2010). References Alshammari, A., N. Almutairi, N., Fahad Thuwaini, S. (2015). Ethical Leadership: The Effect on Employees.IJBM,10(3). doi:10.5539/ijbm.v10n3p108 Chatterjee, D. (2014). Leadership in Innovators and Defenders: The Role of Cognitive Personality Styles.Industry And Innovation,21(5), 430-453. doi:10.1080/13662716.2014.959314 Chughtai, A. (2015). Creating safer workplaces: The role of ethical leadership.Safety Science,73, 92-98. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2014.11.016 Chughtai, A., Byrne, M., Flood, B. (2014). Linking Ethical Leadership to Employee Well-Being: The Role of Trust in Supervisor.J Bus Ethics,128(3), 653-663. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2126-7 Garrett, M. (2010). What Is the Ethical Role of the Expert?.Leadership Manage. Eng.,10(2), 94-95. doi:10.1061/(asce)lm.1943-5630.0000060 KOZAK, M., UCA, S. (2008). Effective Factors in the Constitution of Leadership Styles: A Study of Turkish Hotel Managers.Anatolia,19(1), 117-134. doi:10.1080/13032917.2008.9687057 Lu, C., Lin, C. (2013). The Effects of Ethical Leadership and Ethical Climate on Employee Ethical Behavior in the International Port Context.J Bus Ethics,124(2), 209-223. doi:10.1007/s10551-013-1868-y Quintana, T., Park, S., Cabrera, Y. (2014). Assessing the Effects of Leadership Styles on Employees Outcomes in International Luxury Hotels.J Bus Ethics,129(2), 469-489. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2170-3 Shin, Y., Sung, S., Choi, J., Kim, M. (2014). Top Management Ethical Leadership and Firm Performance: Mediating Role of Ethical and Procedural Justice Climate.J Bus Ethics,129(1), 43-57. doi:10.1007/s10551-014-2144-5 Weber, J., Gerde, V. (2010). Organizational Role and Environmental Uncertainty as Influences on Ethical Work Climate in Military Units.J Bus Ethics,100(4), 595-612. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0698-4

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)

Due to the fact that the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reflects the degree of corruption in countries, it can also denote the level of integrity performance. The CPI is usually calculated on the basis on the results of surveys and polls conducted by experts in the field.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The assessment is usually performed on the scale from 0 to 10; so, the higher score indicated on the scale, the lower level of corruption the country has. Thus, countries possessing 10 scores have the lowest corruption level whereas countries whose score equals 0 have considerable problems in economy due to corruption and bureaucracy (United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2007). While considering the value of CPI, specific emphasis should be placed to the role of evaluating corruption situation all over the world. At a global scale, C PI provides a strong international framework for considering the corruption rates subjectively by experts, risk analysts, and businesspeople (Heffernan Kleinig, 2004). By presenting the assessment of CPI, the respondents could also evaluate the level of bribery and the country’s involvement into ‘shadow’ economy. According to Heffernan and Kleinig (2004), â€Å"CPI scores, like all other single-score country-level indicators, reduce potential qualitative differences to matters of degree while obscuring contrasts within societies† (p. 278). Therefore, awareness of the situation in the countries allows the population to compare their corruption levels with other countries to take the corresponding measures. According to CPI scores in 2011, the five countries with the highest level of corruption involve Somalia (1), Afghanistan (1.5), Myanmar (1.5), North Korea (1), and Turkmenistan (1.6). Most of these countries are located in the African and Asian regions. The countries with the lowest levels of corruption include New Zealand (9.5), Finland (9.4), Denmark (9.4) Sweden (9.3), and Singapore (9.2) (Transparency International, 2011). With regard to the presented scores, it is possible to make a number of conclusions. In particular, due to the fact that the countries with the highest scores have advanced economic development and life standards, there is the positive correlation between these two indices (Hill, 2010). In contrast, the countries with medium and low life standard possess the lowest CPI score, which implies that high corruption levels negatively influence economic and social development of these regions. The CPI value is premised on various economic and business indicators, as well as on subjective meaning of experts and business people. Therefore, it is possible to draw the line between economic development in general and corruption scores.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Within this context, country’s achievements in total revenues and total production rates should directly relate to the economic stability in the region (Detzer. 2010). Another tendency reflected by the CPI detects the evident connection between corruption and employment rates because the majority of developing countries have the lowest CPI, pointing to their low employment rates. In conclusion, CPI provides a subjective evaluation of the degree of corruption in various countries annually. Using this index introduces a comparative evaluation of economic prosperity in various countries, as well as the economic trends associated with them. With report presented above proves that the developed countries are more likely to have the highest CPI score whereas the developing countries with poor economy are likely to have the lowest CPI score. In addition, the analysis of surveys and polls across countries also presents a wider picture on the future of international relations and global business. References Detzer, D. (2010). The Impact of Corruption on Development and Economic Performance. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Heffernan, W. C., Kleinig, J. (2004). Private and Public Corruption. US: Rowman Littlefield. Hill, C. W. L. (2010). Global Business Today, US: South University. Transparency International (2011). Corruption Perceptions Index 2011. pp. 1-7.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More United Nations Human Settlements Program. (2007). Enhancing Urban Safety and Security: Global Report on Human Settlements. US: Earthscan. This report on The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) was written and submitted by user Gibson Irwin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Theres A Style Guide for That

Theres A Style Guide for That There’s A Style Guide for That There’s A Style Guide for That By Maeve Maddox Authors who specialize in one field of knowledge are sometimes unaware of style guides used in other areas. In writing for DWT, I mostly rely on these three style guides: The Chicago Manual of Style The AP Stylebook Penguin Writer’s Manual Chicago is directed at a broad audience that includes both scholars and entrepreneurs. AP is targeted specifically to journalists. CMOS and AP recommendations don’t often differ, but when they do, the differences sometimes reflect an interesting divide between scholarly and popular usage. I trust the Penguin reference guides to point me to differences between American and British usage. When wearing my academic hat, I regard the MLA Handbook (published by the Modern Language Association) as my style bible. These are my preferred guides because I write chiefly about standard usage and literature. Not all disciplines process and present information in exactly the same way. Authors who write about other subjects–sociology, science, and mathematics, for example–look to other guides. Here’s a sampling of instructions in authors’ guidelines for just four specialized journals, each recommending different guides: Journal of Aging and Physical Activity Manuscripts that do not conform to APA guidelinesmay be rejected without review. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation References must conform to the format printed in the journal and must include titles. The article should conform to the usual ACS format. Sociological Theory In general, please refer to the ASA Style Guide (4th edition) for style and formatting guidelines. Manuscripts that do not conform to the desired format will be returned to the author for rectification. Amyloid: Journal of Protein Folding Disorders [This journal] conforms to the CSE style guidelines, using the NLM style for references. What the initials mean: APA: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association APA format  is the official style of the American Psychological Association and is generally used for writing about research in psychology, education, and social sciences. ACS: The ACS Style Guide: Effective Communication of Scientific Information Published by the American Chemical Society, ACS style is followed by writers and reviewers of scientific manuscripts. ASA: American Sociological Association Style Guide Similar to APA, ASA is also used by writers about sociology and related fields. CSE: Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers Developed by the Council of Science Editors (CSE), this guide is used by writers in all areas of the sciences. NLM: Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers This guide is published by the National Library of Medicine to provide instructions and examples for formatting citations of published and unpublished material, both printed and digital. Other guides for other areas of specialization also exist. Of the guides mentioned here, MLA and APA are probably the best known because high school students and college undergraduates are most likely to be required to use one of them for their research papers. I’ll discuss the differences between them in another post. Related: 5 Online Style Guides Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"Rules for Capitalization in TitlesPlurals of Proper Names

Masculinity Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Masculinity Studies - Essay Example factors that Kimmel’s studies are based on, influential feminists, contributions that he has made to the society and the practical applications of his subject. Kimmel, like most other activists, has a story behind his indulgence in the subject, which explains why he decided to become an activist. When Kimmel was in graduate school, his partner was working at a shelter. He used to frequently drop her at the shelter as she dint know to drive. Since Kimmel got used to this routine, he used to occasionally drop women at the shelter or drive them to the hospital with their kids. It was in this routine that he encountered certain events that affected him greatly, which encouraged him to become the renowned activist he is now. While he helped out these women from time to time, he realized that women being beaten up and treated badly were issues so common. There were points of time when he felt that this had to stop and did not seem to know that to do about it. When asked about what touched Kimmel the most, he talks about when there was one woman with broken limbs and a fractured jaw, who, through her fractured jaw said, "Sometimes I deserve it, b ut this time I didnt." When he said to the woman that she needs to make him stop, she said that he was a man too and that Kimmel should probably talk to them. At that instance Kimmel decided upon the fact that he definitely wants to change the way things are and began to work for it. He committed himself to working with men who used to beat up their wives or abuse them. Slowly he got drawn into various groups of non violence against torture, rape and ill treatment. This incident played a major role in shaping Kimmel into feminist that he is today. Kimmel’s participation in the Santa Cruz Men Against Rape organization was his first indulgence in a political engagement. He soon found himself as part of the National Organization Of Men Against Sexism. Since then, Kimmel was an academic researcher, was writing books on

E Ink Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

E Ink - Case Study Example The company was receiving lots of feedback from potential investors and customers who had different views of the best use for electronic ink. The company had to decide the best opportunities for the company based on the company’s vision. The company wanted to create radio paper, but the technology was not ready for that application. The firm had multiple opportunities to generate money using the technology for other applications. Another dilemma the company had was the fact that it needed more money to continue its venture. The firm needed an additional $20 million for its second round of financing. There was plenty of interest from venture capitalist interested in investing in the company. The firm had to decide how to obtain the money and which investors to choose. The strategy the firm ends up choosing would affect the capital structure of the enterprise. Selling off too much equity could relinquish control of the company. On the other hand using debt instruments could plac e the company at risk since the firm was not generating any revenues yet. 2. The three stage approach that E Ink has plan is a very sound business strategy. The company has to take advantage of the firm’s capabilities to generate revenues. The firm cannot afford to wait 4 to 5 years for the radio paper to be ready. The first stage of the plan is to use the electronic ink to make large area displays. The marketplace for this product is huge due to the fact that there are thousands of businesses that can benefit from the application of electronic ink for its advertising displays. The company could afford to launch this product after it receives its second round of financing. The firm needs between $10 million to $20 million dollars to launch the product. The company already has a contract with JC Penney to develop its first large area displays. The product offers many advantages to customers such as lower costs and the ability to change advertising messages without having to in cur in the cost of manually changing the sign. The second stage of E Ink’s plan is to utilize the technology for flat panel displays. By 2004 the flat panel market was supposed to reach $25.9 billion. The relevant market in which E Ink could apply its invention was between $4.9 billion to $6.9 billion. The use of electronic ink enables companies that use flat panel displays to add value to its products which would allow the firms to sell their products at a premium price. The application of electronic ink would provide greater visual appeal and lower power consumption. The company needs between $30 million to $50 million to finance this phase. The third phase of the project is radio paper. Radio paper would enable the company to create newspapers and books using the electronic ink technology. The use of the technology would revolutionize the publishing industry. The use of the technology could be extremely advantageous for publishers because it could create a paper free distr ibution model. The company could be ready to create electronic books in two to three years and newspapers in four to five years. The amount of money needed to finance phase three is between $50 million to $100 million. 3. The company needs to raise money in order to finance its phase I of the project. The firm is currently spending over $500,000 a month and it soon will increase its expenses to nearly $1 million a month. The company estimates that it needs $10 to $20 million to accomplish phase I. My

Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution Essay

Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution - Essay Example Checking all the angles and dimensions of a revolution is the name of the game, but Industrial Revolution analysts forgot to examine the most important of all dimensions – environment. Various sorts of pollutions such as contamination of water, ozone layer destruction, etc. are making headlines everyday, which is an alarming situation (Hobsbawm, 1999). Following are the three most environmentally negative impacts of the Industrial Revolution. Forests and Trees Demolition Due to the Industrial Revolution, deforestation is taking place, which has led to a very disastrous scenario. Forest trees and natural resources are consumed in the industries for production, thus demolishment of trees is taking place massively. Forests and trees are responsible for consuming the carbon dioxide gas and produce oxygen which is necessary and essential for human beings’ survival. Now because of deforestation, cutting of trees is making a colossal negative impact on the environment. Wildlif e is also immensely affected through it, which can lead to finish wildlife too (Mayumi, 1991). Contaminated Crops Lal (2004) illustrated that impure water waste which comes out from the industry either goes into the sea or in the fields, hence making crops and food items polluted and contaminated. Food items radically are not healthy enough, and it also spreads various diseases in humans. Most of the factories were established in the countryside with an idea not to pollute cities, but instead, it started polluting crops. Impure water wastage is the core reason of unhealthy fruits and vegetables availability in the consumer market and this situation prevails due to the unplanned Industrial Revolution. Air Pollution Industrialization gave humans beneficiary cars and motorbikes so that they could travel distances in minutes, but everything comes with a price; air pollution is the biggest price which humans are paying for this technological advancement. Air pollution has disturbed human beings in several ways and it is the major reason of the damage in the ozone layer. Due to impure gas exhaustion from the vehicles, air becomes polluted, causing diseases such as lungs cancer, asthma etc. Pressure horns of the vehicles mentally affect humans, which causes tumor and various mental diseases. Cities are affected the most due to air pollution (Seinfeld, 1986). Environmental Actions in U.S The Industrial Revolution effects were later discussed among individuals, environmentalists and analysts, who were quite distressed after watching tremendous destruction of the environment in the world due to this revolution. NGOs have taken this issue very seriously and demanded governments to set rules and regulations for environment protection. Consequently, various actions started in order to save the environment through 1880s, but in 1950s and later, these actions reached their peak due to the occurrence of various environmental issues. Therefore in 1970, Government of U.S had to come up with a refined environmental action legislation which intended to protect the environment of the country. This was a big move indeed, but its practical implementation throughout the country was the main issue. Industrialists were not pleased from the verdict as it brought several limitations on them (Dunlap & Mertig, 1991). Establishment of Laws Arbuckle and Miller (1976) demonstrated that the outrageous appeals from environmental act

What Is System Unit?

What Is System Unit? System unit is a case that contains electronic component of the computer used to process data. The case of the system unit, sometimes called the chassis, is made of metal or plastic and protects the internal electronic components from damage. Explain the electronic components in system unit and its function. Question 2 An operating system (OS) is a set of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer system. Explain the different types of Operating system in market and what the advantages and disadvantages of each Operating system. Q1 Introduction What is system unit? System unit is Box-like case that houses the electronic components of the computer used to process data. System Unit is the core of a computer system, system unit always is rectangular case that houses the electronic components inside the computer. That usually its rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside the box got many electronic components that process information. The most important part of these components is the central processing unit CPU, or microprocessor, which acts as the brain of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM), which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off. Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports, typically on the back of the system unit. Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral devi ce or device. Dual inline package (DIP), which consists of two parallel rows of downward-pointing thin metal feet (pins). Pin grid array (PGA) package, which holds a larger number of pins because the pins are mounted on the surface of the package. Flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package, which places chips on the opposite side (flip side) of the pins. Single edge contact, which called as SEC as cartridge, and it allow us to connects to the motherboard on one of its edges in system unit. Function The system unit, sometimes called the chassis, is a box-like case housing the electronic components of a computer that are used to process data. System unit components include the processor, memory module, cards, ports, and connectors. Many of the system units components reside on a circuit board called the motherboard. The motherboard contains many different types of chips, or small pieces of semiconducting material, on which one or more integrated circuits (IC) are etched. An integrated circuit is a microscopic pathway capable of carrying electronic current. Each IC can contain millions of transistors, which act as switches for electronic signals. A system unit is a case that contains electronic components of the computer used to process data. The most common components are inside a system unit are; the processor, ports, drive bays, power supply, memory and adapter cards example; sound card, video card, network card and modern card. The case of the system unit, sometimes called the chassis, is made of metal or plastic and protects the internal electronic components from damage. Motherboard is also a main circuit board in system unit, it contains adaptor cards processor and memory chips, it can be called as system board too or more. What electronic components are found on the motherboard? Chip is also a part of the system units for electrical components. Integrated Circuit (IC) Microscopic pathway capable of carrying electrical current and it also is included include in the motherboard. Transistor Acts as an electronic switch, or gate, that opens or closes the circuit for electronic signals A chip is a small semi-conducting material where integrated circuits can be etched. Chips are packed in a certain way so they can be connected to a circuit board. Integrated circuits have many microscopic pathways, that capable of carrying electric current. Chip available for different kind of it, single edge contact (SEC) cartridge, dual inline package (DIP), flip chip-PGA (FC-PGA) package and pin grid array (PGA) (CPU) Central processing unit; The CPU carries and interprets basic instruction that can operate a computer. The control unit coordinates operations in a computer. Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer. The Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) does arithmetic, comparison and logical operations. This can also be known as the processor and also called the processor. Random access memory (RAM) is one of computer most important part inside a computer because, RAM is a random memory access, one of the memories in our computer and it can be accessed randomly. The byte of the memory in our computer can be access without touching the preceding bytes. RAM is the most common type of memory found in computers and other devices, such as printers. There are two type of RAM one is call Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and the another is Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) this two types of RAM differ in the technology they use to hold data, with DRAM being the more common type. In terms of speed, SRAM is faster. DRAM needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second while SRAM does not need to be refreshed, which is what makes it faster than DRAM. DRAM supports access times of about 60 nanoseconds, SRAM can give access times as low as 10 nanoseconds. Hard disk is also one of the electronic components in system unit. The disk can let you store your computer data. Hard disk holds more data and is faster than floppy disks, and a single hard disk can store more than 100 gigabytes (GB), whereas most floppies have a maximum storage capacity of 1.4 megabytes. Each platter has the same number of tracks, and a track location that cuts across all platters is called a cylinder. For example, a typical 84 megabyte hard disk for a PC might have two platters (four sides) and 1,053 cylinders. In general, hard disks are less portable than floppies, although it is possible to buy removable hard disks. Conclusion As conclusion, system unit is about computer system inside the computer itself and it can be check from the inside if got anything wrong with it, components and processes of a computer system that is used for an everyday activity. Learn about the system inside of a computer and how it runs inside when we see it from the outside. Q2 Introduction Operating system is software that which takes care of technical aspects of a computers operation. Most of the desktop or laptop Pc comes preloaded with Microsoft windows. Macintosh (Apple MAC) computer come preloaded with MAC OS X. Many corporate servers use the Linux or UNIX operating systems. The operating system (OS) is the first thing loaded onto the computer without the operating system, a computer is useless. Some operating systems also provide text editors, compilers, debuggers and a variety of other tools. Since the operating system (OS) is in charge of a computer, all requests to use its resources and devices need to go through the Operating system. Window Microsoft Windows or better known as Windows is a family of operating system developed by Microsoft, using the graphical user interface. Window operating system have evolved from the MS-DOS, an operating system based on text mode and command-line. The first version of Windows, Windows Graphic Environment 1.0 was first introduced on 10 November 1983, but only out of the market in November 1985, which was made to meet the computer needs to display a picture. Microsoft Windows can be developed and can be controlled using the operating system up to 90%. Price of Microsoft Windows can run between $50.00 $150.00 US dollars per each license copy. Microsoft has made several advancements and changes that have made it a much easier to use operating system, and although arguably it may not be the easiest operating system, it is still Easier than Linux. Although Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it still cannot match the reliabil ity of Linux. Because of the large amount of Microsoft Windows users, there is a much larger selection of available software programs, utilities, and games for Windows. Although Windows does have software programs, utilities, and games for free, the majority of the programs will cost anywhere between $20.00 $200.00and US dollars per copy. Because of the amount of Microsoft Windows users and the broader driver support, Windows has a much larger support for hardware devices and a good majority of hardware manufacturers will support their products in Microsoft Windows. Although Microsoft has made great improvements over the years with security on their operating system, their operating system continues to be the most vulnerable to viruses and other attacks. Microsoft Windows is not open source and the majority of Windows programs are not open source. Microsoft Windows includes its own help section, has vast amount of available online documentation and help, as well as books on each of the versions of Windows. Linux Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open source software development and distribution. The defining component of a Linux system is the Linux Kernel, an operating system kernel first released October 5, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux system distributions may vary in many details of system operation, configuration, and software package selection. Linux runs on a wide variety of computer hardware, including mobile phones, tablet computers, network routers, televisions, video game consoles, desktop computers, mainframes and supercomputer. Linus is a leading server operating system, and run the 10 fastest supercomputer in the world. In addition, more than 90% of todays supercomputer runs some variant of Linux. The majority of Linux variants are available for free or at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows. Although the majority Linux variants have improved dramatically in ease of use, Windows is still much easier to use for new computer users. The majority of Linux variants and versions are notoriously reliable and can often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted. Linux has a large variety of available software programs, utilities, and games. However, Windows has a much larger selection of available software. Many of the available software programs, utilities, and games available on Linux are freeware or open source. Even such complex programs such as Gimp, OpenOffice, StarOffice, and wine are available for free or at a low cost. Linux companies and hardware manufacturers have made great advancements in hardware support for Linux and today Linux will support most hardware devices. Many of the Linux variants and many Linux programs are open source and enable users to customize or modify the code however they wish to. Although it may be more difficult to find users familiar with all Linux variants, there are vast amounts of available online documentation and help, available books, and support availa ble for Linux. Mac OS Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems. Mac OS is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple now calls OS X was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original Macintosh, and referred to simply as the System software. Apple deliberately sought to minimize the users conceptual awareness of the operating system: Tasks which required more operating system knowledge on other systems would be accomplished by intuitive mouse gestures and simple graphic controls on a Macintosh, making the system more user-friendly and easily mastered. This would differentiate it from then current systems such as MS-DOS which were more technically challenging to operate. The core of the system software was held in ROM, with updates provided free of charge by Apple dealers (on floppy disk). The users involvement in an upgrade of the operating system was also minimized to running an installer, or simply replacing system files, the simplicity of which again differentiated the product from others. Mac OS is not susceptible to the virus. Designed with security oriented, Mac OS is not plagued by constant attacks from PC viruses and malware. But neither will slow you down with constant security alerts and other interruptions. High performance, especially on Mac OS X with the latest Intel Processors and other innovations, the Mac can do all things that only Macs can do with amazing speed. User friendly, GUI with a very attractive appearance, making the Mac OS as one of the OS are in great demand especially by graphic designers and for those just learning the computer. Mac cannot be assembled because Apple is not giving license to other companies to make hardware that can use the Mac OS. Software on the Mac OS is not so complete. Influence the dominance of Microsoft Windows for years have been very familiar to user s and are reluctant to adapt to the new OS. The same rational is also the reason for the abundance of recent applications to the Windows system requirements. Cost is very expansive. Mostly is only useful for graphic designers. Cannot be used in conjunction. The software is incomplete and not suitable to play the game because it looks less good. Conclusion Every operating system is a successfully creation because it all operating well and keep on developing and update it help human a lot. Nowadays computer is part of our humans, almost everything occurs in our daily life is using computerized. Every different operating system has its own plus and minus points. There was no The Best but only will The Only. Different operating system works well with different people, is all depending on the usage of the people.

The Tragedy Of Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- essays research papers

Edgar Allan Poe is one of the leading figures of American literature. He is known as a poet and a critic, but is most famous as the first master of the short story form, especially tales of the mysterious and gruesome. In Poe’s poems, like his tales, his characters are tortured by nameless fears and longings. Today Poe is acclaimed as one of America’s greatest writers, but in his own unhappy lifetime he knew little but failure. Poe had an unstable family life. The insecure place he held at home interfered with his emotional stability. He was born as the son of actors. â€Å"The two were not notably talented; they played minor roles in third-rate theatrical companies.† (Buranalli 7) Between them they barely managed to make a living. Poe was the second of their three children. About the time the third child was born, the father died, or disappeared, and Mrs. Poe went to Richmond, Virginia with the two youngest children. The oldest child, William Henry, had been left in the care of his grandparents in Baltimore shortly after his birth. Mrs. Poe was overtaken by a fatal illness (tuberculosis). Devastated by the disease and worn out with the struggle to support her children, she died. Edgar, two years old, and the infant, Rosaline, were orphaned. Poe was taken into the home of John Allan, a wealthy merchant. His wife, Frances Allan, had no children and wanted to adopt Poe as her son. Mr. Allan was unwilling to commit himself to a step of such permanence. â€Å"The acting profession was despised at the time and was even considered immoral.† (Meyers 11) Mr. Allan thought the little son of actor parents was a questionable person to inherit his name and the fortune he was busy accumulating. He was however, willing to support the child, to please his wife. Family was of the greatest importance in Richmond, the place where Poe spent most of his boyhood. Poe felt the difference between the children at school and himself. He was not close to his (foster) father, like other boys were. Mr. Allan’s unwillingness to adopt him bothered him greatly. It hurt him that he was not wanted enough by his father to legally be his son. He acted out in fits of temper and rebellion. His family did not understand his reasoning for being so upset. Mr. Allan was a hardheaded businessman with no patience for Poe’s â€Å"reasonless† actions. â€Å"He handled the situation by reminding the boy of his ‘disreput... ...ing the winter of 1846-47, when the couple had little food of fuel, Virginia reached the end of life. After Virginia’s death Poe became even more depressed and temperamental. He slept with many women in a vain attempt to find comfort for the loss of his wife. In 1849 he re-met his high school sweetheart, Elmira. They became engaged. After making wedding plans, he set out for New York City from Richmond, but disappeared in Baltimore. He was found five days after he disappeared very near death. He died without regaining full consciousness, four days later on October 7, 1849, ten days before the date he had set for his wedding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe’s life was indeed marked by misery and tragedy. He was abandon by his father, lived in poverty as a writer, and suffered the loss of many loved ones. On the other hand, maybe it was his dreary life that caused him to escape into the imaginative fantasy world that became his writer’s playground. Looking at it from that perspective, perhaps his unfortunate personal life was the springboard for his success as a writer. Poe did, no matter, have great talent and will forever be remembered for his brilliance in American literature.

The E-Word for a Beautiful Me

Taking care of our health is not an option. It is our responsibility and we can reach our fullest potential and have a beautiful healthy body with exercise. The newspapers,magazines,billboards and advertisements are saturated with information on how excersice keeps fit and helps prevent diseases. There is a wide variety of excersice that we can do. Young adults can do brisk walking,jogging,cycling,swimming and playing games for thirty minutes a day, three times a week. One exercise programme that is highly recommende is aerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise ,if done consistently,help to boost metabolism. It promotes cardiovascular fitness by making the heart and lungs work harder. The heart pumps more blood and this help prevent the building ip of fat and clotting of blood in the arteries. The lungs receive more oxygen during the activity and this makes them stronger. Another benefit is the control of weight and increase in the flexibility of muscle and joints. Exercising or doing workouts at the gym two to three times a week is enough to increase our fitness level. The frequency depends on one's fitness level and time. It should be done as a form of relaxation,not a burden. One can supplement these workouts with brisk walking or jogging in the park during the week. This will help to maintain and keep the habit of exercising alive. It can become a way of life. Every session or outing can take about 30 to 45 minutes. When working ,keep the pace brisk and relaxed not tense. One should feel comfortable and not be panting or out of breath. The key to a good workout is to do it with a companion. To take the. onotony or tedium out of exercise,exchange opinions and comments to encourage or discourage with your companion. It is also encouraging to have someone to compete with,albeit on a friendly basis. All these exercises will not beneficial if one's diet is not in tune with the body. Eat moderately and healthily. Do not oeverindulge as overeating is,at the risk of sounding mundane,bad for health. Disciss this with a dietician if you are not sure. So,the E-word for a beautiful me is exercise but have a good balance with whatever form exercise you take and follow a proper diet.

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays

Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Explore the presentation of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Paper Iago is one of the most central and many-layered of Shakespeares villains, though he is also the subject of some controversy. Has Shakespeare created a motiveless malignity, as Coleridge suggested (Shakespearean Criticism, 1960), or is Iago deeper and more destructively sharp and vindictive? Shakespeare presents a deep-rooted paradox within Iago his single-minded conviction and confidence alongside an uncertainty of motive. Iagos importance and his role as Othellos poisoner is perhaps the first thing to consider. Is he simply a catalyst, aiding the inevitable, or does he deliberately orchestrate Othellos end on his own? The duality of Iago is also a vital device used by Shakespeare to illustrate his character Iago is such a gifted actor that no other character even has the opportunity to suspect that he is dishonest. The juxtapositioning of honesty and lies, good and evil, jealousy and trust, are also key techniques employed by Shakespeare to demonstrate Iagos power. The depth of both Shakespeares and Iagos language and use of imagery and extended metaphor is also suggestive of how layered the character is. It is difficult, perhaps impossible, to fathom Shakespeares original intentions for Iago. What must be noted is how different he is from the character in the tale by Cinthio from which Othello was drawn. The Ensign is given a name and much more subtlety than in the original story. The motives and reasoning behind Iagos actions are also key to the movement of the plot. His role as a many-faceted representation of the evils in humanity makes him a fascinating device vital to the sense of tragedy and inevitability that surrounds the play. The importance of Iago is something that must first be examined when considering his character. All of Shakespeares characters are constructs, but there is some question as to what Iagos role actually is, and how important he is to the storyline. It has been suggested that Iago merely induces what would have happened to Othello anyway. Brabantios ominous words in I. 3 are a herald to what may come, and have nothing whatsoever to do with Iago. He warns Othello that Desdemona has deceived her father, and may you. Perhaps it was such comments that drove Othello to his demise, and would have done so even in Iagos absence. However, Shakespeares emphasis on Iago and the thick irony surrounding him suggest that he is much more that just a catalyst. Several times in the first act he is called honest Iago, and then referred to by Othello as a man of honesty and trust (I. 3). This use of dramatic irony draws attention to the character, as the audience already know that Iago harbours a strong hatred for Othello. Emphasis is placed on this by way of Iagos soliloquies. He is the only character to have several asides, which is unusual as it is usually the central character that requires these. They are necessary in Iagos case because the audience needs an insight into the workings of Iagos mind. Shakespeare could be showing Iagos vital role if it were not for his complete skills in deceiving the other characters, Othello would not believe that his wife could be adulterous. Iago himself says that because Othello trusts him so well, the better shall [his] purpose work on him. He also says that the Moor is of a free and open nature, suggesting that without Iago, Othello would have no reason to doubt Desdemonas faithfulness as he takes things at face value. Iagos relationship with Roderigo must also be noted. Roderigo clearly would not have attempted to pursue Desdemona without Iago suggesting this. However, whether this is the case with Othello is under some doubt. Iagos importance largely depends on the audiences perception of Othello. If the audience sympathises with the Moor and believes him to have been cruelly deceived through no fault of his own, then Iago is clearly to blame for his downfall. If, however, the audience believes that Othellos undoubted faith in Iago is foolish, then they might choose to think that it was Othellos character flaw, not Iagos deception, which is at fault. The duality of Iagos character is what makes Othellos downfall possible and all the more poignant. He is a complete deceiver an actor who manipulates everyone around him entirely so that the truth is hidden beneath many layers of different lies. Even the audience, who have a particularly close relationship with Iago through his soliloquies, may be unsure as to exactly what the truth is and what simply suits Iago at the moment he says it. His obscurity and rapidly changing fai ades mean that Iagos real self is difficult to discern. The fact that no one even suspects that Iago is dishonest, and even believe him over other characters, is vital to the plot. Usually, Iago does not simple push other characters into courses of action they would have taken anyway, but reshapes their perceptions so that they believe things that are not remotely true. He swears to Roderigo that he will enjoy Desdemona the next night following (IV. 2), even though Desdemona has no interest in him. This is an example of Iagos absolute manipulation skills. Iago is the closest character to the audience, and this in itself represents how two-sided he is. Shakespeare, as a dramatist, would clearly be closely involved in the production of a play, and may have been alluding to the lie of an actor through Iago playing different roles, forever switching between performances and displaying another facet that is at once separate to and at one with them. It also should be noted, from a dramatic point of view, that the character of Desdemona must be played to perfection for the deception of Iago to succeed. If Desdemona appears to be flawed and unchaste, as Iago suggests, the real tragic power of the play may be lost. The move to Cyprus also presents another side of Iago. In Venice, he was skulking in shadows and calling up at windows, while in Cyprus, he seems free to observe and destroy without hindrance. Shakespeare presents a kind of uncertainty within Iago, and the playwrights motives for him are unclear. Is it true that Othello has done [Iagos] office twixt [his] sheets, or has Iago convinced himself of this to give himself a motive? It could be that Shakespeare intends Iago to be motiveless no more than a construct to represent the unfathomable evil that is inside every human. Although Iago proclaims I do hate [Othello] as I do hell-pains, we are never given a clear reason why. If Shakespeare is using him as a general symbol of evil, it may be that he did not want him to have a reason; it does not matter why, only that his hatred is so strong, so powerful, and so extreme, that it is all that is driving him. In some ways, a motiveless evil is more frightening and more powerful than one with a reason. However, it is also possible that Iago is a many-layered creation, and as such has multiple motives. Primarily, it could be said that Iago is driven by jealousy stronger and more general jealousy than Othellos, and perhaps this helps him to feed the Moors obsession. At first, Iago is a typical stage villain, delighting in the destruction of character he is bringing about simply for sport and profit. Later, though, he demonstrates his envy of something he believes he can never attain the daily beauty that Cassio possesses. He believes himself to be ugly, and it is possible that something primitive and instinctive inside him is transforming his shame into vindictive malice. Anger about his low position could also drive him he feels he has been denied his right to lieutenancy by a Florentine almost damned in fair wife. The way that Shakespeare provides many different motives for Iago could be a technique to confuse the audience and demonstrate that Iagos deception extends to everyone, possibly even himself. Metaphors and imagery run deep in Othello, and some would say the characters themselves are nothing but metaphors for aspects of the human condition. Taking this view, Iago would be the selfishness and spite that most people possess but usually do not act upon. Interesting, then, are Roderigos final words: O inhuman dog! Is Roderigo wrong in calling Iago inhuman, when surely all humans possess the characteristics Iago displays? Perhaps what makes us human, and better than animals, is that we possess these feelings and flaws but do not act upon them we have restraint. This presents a sharp paradox what makes us human is restraint, but by suppressing ourselves we are denying the very emotions that make us different from animals. In Iagos speeches, the imagery he uses often involves animals beast, old black ram, hot as goats, prime as monkeys and this technique could be employed to demonstrate Iagos carnal side. He does not behave civilly and reasonably as a human would, but acts on primal instinct to get what he wants without thinking of others, like an animal. He also refers to plants when speaking, using the analogy of roots to describe how Cassio supposedly kissed him, he speaks of how neither poppy nor mandragora will cure Othello, and uses a continued metaphor of a garden when talking to Roderigo (I. ). This choice of words conjures up images of crawling roots and plants spreading out among the characters of the play. These roots could symbolise the influence of Iago how he has managed to affect everyone around him. He changes the way others speak for example, when he talks to Othello, the Moors response is simple Ha, I like not that. Iagos intelligence and sharpness of wit cannot be matched by the other characters, except perhaps Desdemona. A further motif used throughout the play is that of perception, eyes and seeing. This could be linked to the stereotypes Iago seems to so enjoy fuelling. Prejudices and stereotypes are representative of the common eyes that people use to look at someone or something. In the play, the common prejudice is that Othello, as a Moor, is evil and animalistic. Iago feeds this, but it is then shown to be untrue. Iago then seems to reintroduce the stereotype and play on the judgements people make. Iago himself is an exercise in contradiction and juxtaposition. He says one thing and means another, appears one way and then shows he is not at all like that. In Act II. 1, Shakespeare presents an exchange between Desdemona and Iago that serves to create a paradox Desdemona is the epitome of all that is good in humanity, while Iago is a device employed to display all the more undesirable characteristics. Desdemona plays a truly innocent and faithful wife while Iago claims that all women are Saints in [their] injuries, devils being offended. And yet, Iago is still deferential and still addresses her as gentle lady. Desdemona calls him fool, but his behaviour elsewhere would suggest that he is anything but. His marriage to Emilia is also worthy of analysis. Although he feels that she obeys him he speaks harshly and cruelly to her, calling her a good wench, snapping at her while she only tries to please him at the end, when she realises his true nature, she refuses to defend him. It is possible that Iago cannot manipulate women as well as he would like to. In this play, women are seen as the only honest creatures, and it is Emilia who finally reveals Iagos deception, and Desdemona who dies without defending herself, still deeply in love with her husband. The fact that Iago does not truly understand all the facets of women is really his downfall. The final scene also presents us with new contradictions. Previously, Iagos power was in his well-chosen words. Now, however, he says nothing, claiming that from this time forth, I never will speak word. Despite this, he still seems to dominate the exchange; he is the only one who knows everything that has happened, and he is now almost the sole topic of conversation. He is referred to, strangely, as a Spartan dog (V. 2), which seems to be a strange paradox. The Spartans were a proud, brave and terrible people, while dog implies a lowly, fearful, evil creature. It is possible that his bravery, cunning and maliciousness matches the Spartans, while he darker, subtler side is that of a dog. Iago is possibly what makes Othello so different from other Shakespearean tragedies. While every other tragic hero inevitably falls because of one fatal flaw, in Othello there is still a what if? remaining. What if Iago is taken out of the picture? Would the Generals demise have been so sudden and striking? Would it have happened at all? Iago is an instrumental plot device, the key to the poignancy of the tragedy. In Iago, Shakespeare has created an absolute villain, one that the audience perhaps cannot feel sympathy for. In some ways, this is because he is so utterly callous and inhuman that the audience cannot comprehend his motives. And yet, there is always the dark uncertainty that the reason Iago is so powerfully evil is because he represents all the envy, desire and malignity that every human possesses.

Concepts of Decision of making

Concepts of Decision of making Introduction Decision making is act of making a choice between alternatives. On the other hand uncertainty is the absence of all or some information about the future. According to Longford, S. (2008) intelligence is not only the information that has been selected and collected, but also analyzed and evaluated and distributed to meet the unique policy making needs of an enterprise.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Concepts of Decision of making specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decision Making Intelligence can be a possible way of reduction of the uncertainties that may exist in making decisions. This is made possible through the intelligence cycle. Intelligence cycle commence with direction, collection, collation, evaluation, analysis in respectively. First intelligence enables the decision maker to deviate from the norms. By so doing the decision maker reduces uncertainty because new and better actions will be taken t o reduce the risk in decision making. Indicators is a prerequisite in this case because there must be some set of limit. Secondly, for one to possess intelligence, he/she must have undergone training. Training is a means through which one acquires the essential skills, models, tools and techniques for processing information. Employment of this tools and skills enables one make appropriate decisions hence reducing the uncertainties. Another process in the intelligent cycle is direction. Direction is the definition of the problem which the decision makers want to make. When a vague and uniformed direction is undertaken improper decisions will be made and uncertainties increased. Skills posed by intelligent decision makers help them give specific and informed direction leading to reduction of uncertainty. After defining the problem, pertinent information must be gathered to aid in decision making. Intelligence ensures planning and lateral thinking i.e. considering all possibilities. Wh en all possible results are incorporated in decision making, the uncertainty level gets filled. Planning as well makes sure that proper sorting is done thereby availing the appropriate data. All this is only possible when there is intelligence. Moreover, the intelligence stage of evaluation is instrumental in the minimization of uncertainty. Evaluation can be described as the determination of the quality and than truthfulness of information. Awareness will then be created and tactics designed to help mitigate the menace of misleading information. When this is reduced, the decisions undertaken will be viable and this reduces uncertainty levels.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cognitive bias makes a decision maker to be skewed in the kind of choice made. It entails the situation where perception outweigh need and the mindset that limits the scope of wider thinking. I ntelligence reduces this problem by encouraging products delineated assumption and specific uncertainty and sources. It also ensures periodic reexamination, emphasis on procedure and realism. This will add value to the decisions made and thus declining the uncertainty levels Conclusion Finally, effective dissemination of information also reduces uncertainty. If information is properly disseminated, the loophole of conflicting sources that may further increase uncertainties is eradicated. In this way intelligence reduce uncertainty, It can thus be concluded that intelligence reduce uncertainty and therefore should be upheld when making. Reference list Longford, S. (2008). Uncertainty in decision-making: Intelligence as a solution. In G. Bammer M. Smithson, Uncertainty and risk: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Stirling, London: Earthscan[Type text]

Key Characteristics of Effective Leadership in Practice Essay

Key Characteristics of Effective Leadership in Practice - Essay Example A leader is an individual with the major influence in a group, whose role is to get others to achieve organizational goals. But 'leadership' like many other key concepts in management, tends to be viewed differently; depending on whether the orientation is behavioral, economic, or managerial. Ordway Tead has defined leadership as "the activity of influencing people to co-operate towards some goal which they come to find desirable" (Anon., 1999). According to George R. Terry, "leadership is the activity of influencing people to strive willingly for group objectives". Robert Tannenbaum defines the leadership as "interpersonal influence exercised in a situation and directed, through the communication process, toward the attainment of a specialized goal or goals" and Koontz and O'Donnell state that "leadership is influencing people to follow in the achievement of a specialized goal" (Harold Koontz, 1959). A review of these and other writers reveals that most management writers agree that leadership is the process of providing direction in group activities and influencing others to achieve group objectives in a given situation. From this definition of leadership, it follows that the leadership process is a function of the leader, the follower, and other situational variables i.e. L= f (i,f,s) (Hersey, 2010) Although influencing others for attaining group goals is the essential function of a leader, some of the important elements which can make the process of leading effectively is that firstly, one who leads is a part of the group, and yet he must maintain his separate identity if he is to continue to lead. Secondly, leadership contemplates interpersonal influence and close man-to-man relationship. It is rooted in feelings and attitudes that have grown out of reactions of individual personalities to each other. Thirdly, it is a dynamic and ever-evolving process; a manager must lead continuously. Finally, it involves directing, guiding and influencing the behavior of individuals and groups so that future actions and behavior are modified in the right direction. These four elements lie at the heart of a strategic leadership process where a manager is a leader directs, guides and influences the behavior of the employees keeping in mind the present and future business strategies of the organization and modifying and directing the employee behavior/performance in the right direction through the right means. This assumption would imply that for an effective leadership process it is crucial that a leader must be in a position to understand and evaluate the strategic intent of the firm and a leader must have the personality and attitudinal qualities in order to lead. As stated earlier that for an effective leadership process a leader must be knowledgeable so that he can evaluate the business strategy and direct the performance of the employees, it becomes the central reason to understand why managers can make good leaders (Senge, 1990).  

Management Info Systems Individual Work wk6 Essay

Management Info Systems Individual Work wk6 - Essay Example Walmart have improved its data communication system to suppliers by adding various customized webs from where customers can access better and efficient services. For instance, Procter &Gamble, and Warner-Lambert websites (Bidgoli, 2002). The primary goal is to lower prices and enhance the level of customer services with the suppliers and general customers. Walmart has also engaged a web-based access system where providers can access updates and essential information about significant developments in the company. This will reduce the cost of transportation and enhance the flow of information from one supply to another. The web-based access system will also enable suppliers to reach potential customers with much ease hence more sales and general profitability of Walmart Company. Through the various data application programs, Walmart and its supplier will have a better communication hence increased efficiency in service delivery (Bidgoli, 2002). Different data communication application are in use in Walmart Company. Such application includes; customized websites for their suppliers, Web-based access application, Wireless technology application, vehicle management systems, and two-way text messaging application and security system applications (Bidgoli, 2002). Each application is designed to enhance service in a particular area within the industry. For instance, the security system applications are designed to improve supplier’s safety and protect providers from accessing each other supplier’s data. This gives them confidence to explore in diverse areas and take extra supply measures without fear that their counterparts may interfere with them. The two-way text messaging system ensures that material handling resources are directed to the locations where they serve the best. This enhances productivity and reduces material wastage. Web-based applications on the other hand ensures that suppliers can transact