The Aboriginal Experience †Struggles For Rights And Freedom

The Aboriginal Experience – Struggles For Rights And Freedom The Aboriginal Experience - Struggles For Rights And Freedom The Aboriginal Experience - Struggles For Rights And Freedom"Throughout the second half of the twentieth century many Aboriginal people have experienced struggles for rights and freedoms." The struggle for Aboriginal and Islander Land Rights is the longest-running political conflict in Australia's history. The issue of Aboriginal land rights in Australia has existed for over 200 years, and the process still has some way to go. Why is land so important to Aboriginal people's history and beliefs? They have maintained their fight for land justice against the odds, and despite a history of continued dispossession and alienation from land. Some significant areas of land and social rights have now been achieved. It wasn't until the passing of the Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902 and the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 that Indigenous people were not included as citizens of Australia, and could therefore not vote. When white Australia celebrated 150 years of settlement on January 26 1938, Aboriginal people in Sydney marked it as a Day of Mourning. Aboriginal Embassy and Mount Ainslie 29-10-06 They stated that there was little for Aboriginal people to celebrate, and mocked the claims of white Australians to be a "civilised, progressive, kindly and humane nation". During 1900-1950's, hardships for Aboriginals continued and their push for equal rights and freedom were meaningless to the government. This was shown with the government policy to take Aboriginal children from their families and place them in missions. Once there they would be given new identities and live in a harsh environment where they would be made to live in a 'White mans way' and forget their past culture. This would later be known as the Stolen Generation. The 1960s saw a lot of change; but most Aboriginal people in the early twenty-first century might argue that the changes have not achieved enough nor come...

How to Remove Ball Point Pen Ink

How to Remove Ball Point Pen Ink Ballpoint pen ink is not something that you can usually remove with simple soap and water, but there is an easy and inexpensive way to remove pen ink from surfaces or clothing. Materials You Will Need to Remove Pen Ink You can use any of a number of common household chemicals to lift away ink. The best of these is alcohol, because it dissolves pigments that are soluble in both water and organic solvents and because its gentle enough that it wont discolor or damage most fabrics. Rubbing alcohol (isopropyl alcohol)Shaving cream (if the alcohol doesnt remove the ink)Hairspray (if neither the alcohol nor shaving cream works)Non-flammable dry cleaning fluid (another option) Ink Removal Instructions Dab rubbing alcohol onto the ink.Allow a couple of minutes for the alcohol to penetrate the surface and react with the ink.Blot the ink stain using layers of white paper towels or a cloth that has been dampened in either alcohol or water.If the alcohol is ineffective, try using foaming shaving cream.If the shaving cream doesnt work, hairspray usually will remove ink, but it should only be used as a last resort because hairspray damages some surfaces and fabrics.A non-flammable dry cleaning fluid may remove certain inks. If you use dry cleaning fluid to remove a stain, rinse the area with water afterward. Gel ink pens use an ink that is made to be permanent. Alcohol will not remove gel ink, nor will acid. Sometimes it is possible to wear away gel ink using an eraser. Ink stains in wood usually involve gouges in the wood, which makes it harder to get to the ink. Be sure to remove all traces of alcohol from the wood after the ink has been removed, rinse the affected area with water, and condition the wood to help reverse the drying effects of the alcohol. Why Ballpoint Ink is So Hard to Remove The reason ballpoint pen ink is so tricky to remove is its chemical composition. Ballpoint pens and felt-tip markers consist of pigments and dyes suspended in water and organic solvents, which may include toluene, glyco-ethers, propylene glycol, and propyl alcohol. Other ingredients may be added to help the ink flow or stick to the page, such as resins, wetting agents, and preservatives. Basically, removing the ink requires a solvent that works with both polar (water) and nonpolar (organic) molecules. Because of the nature of the ink, its important to remove the stain before dry cleaning, because the solvents used in the process can release the stain and spread it to other parts of the fabric.