Computers And The Disabled :: essays research papers

Computers and The Disabled The computer age has changed many things for many people, but for the disabled the computer has ultimately changed their entire life. Not only has it made life exceedingly easier for all disabled age groups, it has also made them able to be more employable in the work force. Previously unemployable people can now gain the self esteem from fully supporting themselves. Computers have given them the advantages of motion were it had not previously existed. Disabled children now have the advantage to grow up knowing that they can one day be a competent adult, that won't have to rely on someone else for their every need. Windows 95 has made many interesting developments toward making life easier for the nearly blind and for the deaf, including on screen text to synthesize speech or Braille, and adaptive hardware that transforms a computers audible cues into a visual format. Computers have given the limited back their freedom to be an active part of the human race. According to the Americans with Disabilities Acts, any office that has a staff of more than fifteen people now has to provide adaptive hardware and software on their computers, so that workers with disabilities can accomplish many tasks independently. Before this Act was passed the disabled were normally passed over for jobs because of their handicap, now however employers can be assured that people with disabilities can work in the work place just like people without disabilities. The self esteem disabled individuals have gained from the experience to work and be self supporting, is immeasurable. Computerized wheelchairs have given disabled people a whole new perception on life. It has given them the mobility to go just about anywhere they want to go. It has given them the ability to explore an unknown world, and progress intellectually as well as spiritually. Computerized vans allow many disabled people to drive, by having onboard computerized lifts to place the disabled in the driver's seat. Movement sensitive hardware, as well as computerized shifting devices allows the disable to control the van with very little physical movement. Children with disabilities now have access to many computerized devices that enable them to move freely in their home as well as outside. The battery operated bigfoot truck, much like the ones that we buy for our own children to play on have been adapted and computerized for children with special needs. These trucks have been designed for even some of the most limited children to operate with ease. With the newest technology these children can now go to public schools with their peers, and have an active social life. Computers And The Disabled :: essays research papers Computers and The Disabled The computer age has changed many things for many people, but for the disabled the computer has ultimately changed their entire life. Not only has it made life exceedingly easier for all disabled age groups, it has also made them able to be more employable in the work force. Previously unemployable people can now gain the self esteem from fully supporting themselves. Computers have given them the advantages of motion were it had not previously existed. Disabled children now have the advantage to grow up knowing that they can one day be a competent adult, that won't have to rely on someone else for their every need. Windows 95 has made many interesting developments toward making life easier for the nearly blind and for the deaf, including on screen text to synthesize speech or Braille, and adaptive hardware that transforms a computers audible cues into a visual format. Computers have given the limited back their freedom to be an active part of the human race. According to the Americans with Disabilities Acts, any office that has a staff of more than fifteen people now has to provide adaptive hardware and software on their computers, so that workers with disabilities can accomplish many tasks independently. Before this Act was passed the disabled were normally passed over for jobs because of their handicap, now however employers can be assured that people with disabilities can work in the work place just like people without disabilities. The self esteem disabled individuals have gained from the experience to work and be self supporting, is immeasurable. Computerized wheelchairs have given disabled people a whole new perception on life. It has given them the mobility to go just about anywhere they want to go. It has given them the ability to explore an unknown world, and progress intellectually as well as spiritually. Computerized vans allow many disabled people to drive, by having onboard computerized lifts to place the disabled in the driver's seat. Movement sensitive hardware, as well as computerized shifting devices allows the disable to control the van with very little physical movement. Children with disabilities now have access to many computerized devices that enable them to move freely in their home as well as outside. The battery operated bigfoot truck, much like the ones that we buy for our own children to play on have been adapted and computerized for children with special needs. These trucks have been designed for even some of the most limited children to operate with ease. With the newest technology these children can now go to public schools with their peers, and have an active social life.

Salmonella

Bacteria are often the cause of various diseases that humans suffer from. They become one of the major factors of human mortality if not properly addressed. This is the reason why it is essential that people are properly informed about the effects of these bacteria and how they can be prevented and treated. It is highly important to disseminate information to the public about the bacteria that could be acquired easily by human beings in their everyday life, especially when it comes to their food intake. A good example of food borne bacteria is Salmonella. Salmonella is a â€Å"genus of bacteria that are a major cause of food borne illness throughout the world† (World Health Organization [WHO], 2008, n. p. ). The bacteria are rod-shaped, motile bacterium. However, there are nonmotile like gallinarum and pullorum. Salmonella is observable in animals, commonly in poultry and swine, as well as in environmental source of the organism such as water, soil, and insects. Facilities like factory surfaces and kitchen surfaces are also areas where bacteria grow (Walderhaug, 1992). Mode of Transmission Contaminated food is the main mode of transmission of the bacteria. Salmonella is commonly acquired by human beings by consuming food that comes from animals like meat, poultry, eggs, milk, and others (WHO, 2008). The bacteria can infect various domestic animals, birds, as well as other wildlife. The food derived from these living things and even the consumption of these animals itself is the major cause of infection. People become even more susceptible to salmonella if the food they eat is not prepared properly. Furthermore, the bacteria could also be transmitted through water or by means of direct contact with infected animal or person. However, such kinds of transmission are less likely to occur (Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, n. d. ). Possible Reservoirs for Salmonella Outbreak The primary reservoirs for nontyphodial Salmonella organisms are poultry, livestock, reptiles, and pets (Chatterjee, Varman, & Crevi 2006). This is due to the fact that salmonellosis is considered to be a zoonosis that has many animal reservoirs. As previously mentioned, the bacteria are commonly found in chickens, turkeys, pigs, as well as cows. Numerous domestic and even wild animals also serve as host for these organisms. This is proven by a recent examination of various animals in the United States. Salmonellae are found to be present in 41% of turkeys in California, 50% of cultured chickens in Massachusetts, and in 21% of commercially frozen egg whites in Washington (Gianella, 1996). Possible Ways of Food Contamination The main reason for food contamination is the improper handling, preparation, and cooking of meals, especially of poultry products. Food coming from animals such as eggs and chicken that are infected with salmonella could transmit these bacteria if they are not properly cooked. Food contamination could also take place during preparation. For instance, if the raw chicken used as an ingredient to make potato salad contains salmonella, the whole meal could be contaminated. Moreover, the outbreak of the bacteria is caused by the increase in the number of agents. This could occur through Salmonella typhi, which is responsible for causing enteric fever or typhoid fever. Salmonella typhi is only found in humans that could easily spread through foreign travel. People who travelled abroad acquired these bacteria through contaminated food and water. They also become probable chronic carrier of these bacteria. In fact, in the U. S. , more than two-thirds of salmonella infection in 50,000 cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis and 400 cases of typhoid fever is due to foreign travel (Chatterjee, Varman, & Crevi 2006). Prevention Since the main mode of transmission of Salmonella is through contaminated food, the best possible way to prevent the outbreak of these bacteria is by means of food safety. Food safety pertains to conditions and practices which make sure that the quality of food is preserved in order to prevent contamination as well as food borne illnesses. Some of the ways that would prevent food contamination are: washing of thoroughly of hands, making sure that all utensils used for food preparation are clean, properly storing food items to avoid cross-contamination, and cooking meals at the correct temperature to kill existing bacteria that are present (A. D. A. M. , Inc. , 2008). Furthermore, the environmental surroundings should also be kept clean especially because salmonella could also be found in water and soil. People should also be more careful of the water that they drink.

Clinical Leadership Nursing From My Practice - 1384 Words

Clinical leadership in nursing from my Practice Kathryn Moultrie NU 414: Interprofessional Teams Week 11 Professor Rachelle Mack Saint Joseph’s College Maine December 31, 2016 Clinical leadership in Nursing from my Practice The Clinical Leadership is an emerging nursing role among the interprofessional group of Registered Nurses. This role was developed by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) in collaboration with an array of leaders from the practice environment. Two American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) task forces were convened to identify (1) how to improve the quality of patient care and (2) how to best prepare nurses with the competencies needed to thrive in the current and future healthcare system.†¦show more content†¦The case, I will refer to is the case of bedside â€Å"continuous renal replacement therapy† (CRRT), new procedure for the organization, new to the ICU and a new to experience to the scope of practice of many of the nurses, at the time my experience (12 years) and scope of practice in dialysis Hemodialysis, CRRT, and peritoneal all recent, had recent trained 8 nurses in this practice. I felt my experiences though asked to join this new procedure team to care for the population of patients that would need this service, It was my analogy that â€Å"When the leader says to the team â€Å"I trust you to help me work on this problem and reach a solution† I assumed I was being entrusted by the leader, and felt empowered at first. I was not asked for any input, I felt my skills were not being acknowledged and my opinions not being valued. Discuss how a different form of leadership may have impacted the case, either positively or negatively. I believe authoritarian leadership (which my nurse manager was/is, in my case) may have impacted the case, negatively (patient outcome); the nurses were not open to my suggestion or even the idea of my ability to provide resources to the event, and solve the urgent solution, I simply kindly, respectfully invited myself, since I was sure of the problem and the solution (Complete the leadership style quiz, (n. d.). Part 2: Search the evidenceShow MoreRelatedLeadership For An Advanced Practice Nurse997 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Leadership Assessment Paper Meta Cristiano NUR 604-QM2: Leadership in Advanced Nursing Practice Roles School of Nursing University of Alabama at Birmingham Fall, 2016 Individual Leadership Assessment Leadership is a very important role for an advanced practice nurse. There are many leadership styles a person can utilize when working in a collaborative team environment. It is the responsibility of an advance practice nurse to take on a leadership role and findingRead MoreA Nurse with the Most Knowledge and Skill is an Advanced Practice Nurse789 Words   |  4 PagesAn advanced practice nurse is thought to be intimately linked to advanced knowledge and skill. In defining the advanced practice nurse and giving insight on the principal foundation of advanced practice, the International Council of Nurses states that an advanced practice nurse is a registered nurse who has developed the skilled knowledge base, multifaceted decision making skills, and clinical proficiencies for extended practice. Completing an advanced nursing degree increases and develops advancedRead MoreHealth Care Services Provided At Sinai Grace Hospital1209 Words   |  5 PagesOverall health care services pr ovided at Sinai-Grace Hospital 2West Unit meets the criteria of the delivery models practiced in this hospital such as team nursing and patient-and family-centered care. However, patient transportation service at this hospital is not that fast. The majority of the patients experience delays hospital discharge or transfer from one department to another. It takes approximately 3 hours for the transportation to come up to the floor and transport patients. Nurses deal with suchRead MoreDevelopment Of Professional Nursing For Registered Nurses1626 Words   |  7 PagesJourney to Professional Development in Nursing Beth Lewis South University Online December 15, 2015 â€Æ' Transition into Professional Nursing for Registered Nurses is a five week course dedicated to the research, examination and supposition of our journey in obtaining a Baccalaureate in Nursing; â€Å"Baccalaureate programs emphasize evidence-based clinical practice and leadership through coursework that includes research, statistics, population-based care, nursing management, and the humanities† (HaverkampRead MoreEssay Leadership and Change1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Not all leadership is about changing or challenging people’s vision of the future† (Stanley, 2011, p. 57). The term leadership can be applied to varying positions within healthcare, from management to the clinical setting. 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Accordingly, the school’s philosophy is based on preparing students to be exceptional providers in the growing healthcare system, providing safe and h ighRead MoreLifelong Learning Plan And Role Analysis Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesFuture of Nursing report of 2010 called for the increase in the number of bachelor-prepared nurses in the workforce to be at 80% by 2020 (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2015). The goal is to encourage nurses to achieve higher education and seek lifelong learning. Lifelong learning, however, goes beyond advanced degrees, required CEU credits, annual in-services, and orientation. Lifelong learning goes above and beyond normal duty. It’s a commitment to improving practice. From the firstRead MoreDemocratic Leadership : Advance Practise Nursing977 Words   |  4 Pages Democratic Leadership In Advance Practise Nursing Seynor Massalee Kennedy South University Democratic Leadership In Advance Practise Nursing Professional leadership comprises of mentoring, empowering and participating actively in organizations. The APN, as an effective leader should be able to collaborate with team members, mentored and be mentor and provide empowerment (Hamric, Hanson, Tracy, O’Grady, 2014). Authoritarian, Democratic and Delegative are the three stylesRead MoreAdvantages of Simulation Based Eductation for Nursing859 Words   |  4 PagesSimulated practice has been described as the â€Å"activities that mimic the reality of a clinical environment and are designed to demonstrate procedure, decision making and critical thinking through techniques such as role playing and the use of devices such as interactive vidoes of manikins† (Connor, 2014). This study is aimed to explore what is successful and what is not in nursing simulations. In this study it is mentioned human patient simulation is potential for student education in nursing.   In additionRead MoreThe Leadership Practice Of A Nurs ing Student1329 Words   |  6 PagesAs a nursing student, I have had great success forming therapeutic relationships with my clients and have received positive feedback from clinical instructors about my patient communication. However, I experience uncertainty when interacting with peers or colleagues. My lack of confidence translates into difficulty forming effective professional relationships. This assessment is reflected in my Clinical Leadership Survey as a deficit in the leadership practice of Encouraging the Heart. This practice

Should You Get Your Baby a Social Security Number

Despite the fact that many people object to being tracked by the U.S. government from the cradle to the grave, there are several at least convenient reasons for parents to get Social Security numbers for their newborn babies. Why So Soon? While it is not required, most parents now apply for their new babys Social Security number before they even leave the hospital. According to the Social Security Administration (SSA), there are several good reasons for doing so. The most common reason is that in order to for you to claim an exemption for your child as a dependent on your federal income tax, he or she will need a Social Security number. In addition, if you qualify for the child tax credit, you will need your childs Social Security number to claim it. Your child may also need a Social Security number if you plan to: Obtain health insurance for your child or add your child to your own health care plan;Open a bank or savings account for your child;Buy savings bonds for your child; or Apply for government benefits or services for your child. How to Do It: At the Hospital The easiest and fastest way to get your new baby a Social Security number is to say you want one when you give the hospital information for your babys birth certificate. You will need to provide both parents Social Security numbers if possible. However, you can still apply even if you do not know both parents Social Security numbers. When you apply at the hospital, your application is first processed by your state and then by Social Security. While each state has different processing times, about 2 weeks is average. Add another 2 weeks for processing by Social Security. You will get your childs Social Security card in the mail. If you do not get your childs Social Security card in the indicated time, you can call Social Security at 1-800-772-1213 (TTY 1-800-325-0778) between 7 a.m. to 7 p.m., Monday through Friday. How to Do It: At the Social Security Office If you didnt deliver your baby at a hospital or you chose not to apply in the hospital, you will need to visit your local Social Security Administration office in order to get your baby a Social Security number. At the Social Security office, you will need to do three things: Complete an Application for a Social Security Card (Form SS-5);Provide original documents proving your childs identity, age and U.S. citizenship status; andProvide documents proving your identity (drivers license, passport, etc.). Ideally, you should provide your childs original birth certificate or a certified copy of the birth certificate. Other documents that might be accepted include; hospital records of birth, religious records, U.S. passport, or U.S. immigration document. Note that children 12 and older will need to appear in person when applying for a Social Security number.The SSA provides a complete list of documents accepted when applying for a new or replacement Social Security number on their web site at http://www.ssa.gov/ssnumber/ss5doc.htm. What About Adopted Children? If your adopted child does not already have a Social Security number, the SSA can assign one. While the SSA can give your adopted child a Social Security number before the adoption is complete, you may want to wait. Once the adoption is complete, you will be able to apply using your childs new name, and listing you as the parent.For tax purposes, you might want to claim an exemption for your adopted child before the adoption is still pending. In this case, you need to send the IRS a Form W-7A, Application for Taxpayer Identification Number for Pending U.S. Adoptions. What Does it Cost? Nothing. There is no charge for getting a new or replacement Social Security number and card. All Social Security services are free. If someone wants to charge you for getting a number or card, you should report them to the SSAs Office of the Inspector General hotline at 1-800-269-0271.

Managing Diversity Within An Organization - 1674 Words

Managing Diversity is often defined as a â€Å"management philosophy of recognising and valuing heterogeneity in organisations with a view to improve organisational performance† (Ozbilgin and Tatli, 2011). Hence recognising the wide variety of qualities possessed by people within an organisation and creating an environment that understands, values and utilises the differences within people. Due to the rapidly growing trends of a more diverse workforce, diverse market and globalisations of businesses, managing diversity is essential for business success through maximisation of utilization of a firm’s most important resources, its employees. This reflects two broad areas of investigation within managing diversity, one includes studies of the instrumental ways that diversity contributes to organisational performance; the other considers ethical and responsible ways that diversity at work can be managed. The Moral case has often been expressed in terms of Equal Opportunitie s, which has found manifestation in various pieces of legislation; the business case, instead, is often referred to in terms of managing diversity. However, it is hard to fully separate managing diversity in the workplace from the provision of equal employment opportunities, as legislation shapes the way in which diversity is managed found manifestation in various pieces of legislation; the business case, instead, is often referred to in terms of managing diversity. Recently, there has been a high-profile debateShow MoreRelatedAn Article On Managing Cultural Diversity Within Sports Organizations : A Theoretical Perspective963 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of diversity in sports. For example, Leo Kahane, Neil Longley, and Robert Simmons wrote an article titled â€Å"The Effects of Coworker Heterogeneity on Firm-Level Output: Assessing the Impacts of Cultural and Language Diversity in the National Hockey League,† and this article talks about how teams and players have to deal with teammates that are culturally from a different background. Also, Alison J. Doherty wrote an article titled â€Å"Managing Cultural Diversity in Sport Organizations: A TheoreticalRead MoreWorkforce Diversity1507 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Workforce diversity addresses differences among people within an organization. Workforce diversity means that organizations are becoming a more heterogeneous mix of people from different categories. Diversity refers to the co-existence of employees from various socio-cultural backgrounds within the company. Diversity includes cultural factors such as race, gender, age, colour, physical ability, ethnicity, education, language, lifestyle, beliefs, economic status, etc. Diversity requires a typeRead MoreThe Impact Of Contemporary Uk On New Zealand Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe increase in globalization has enabled a plethora of means in which organizations can access more talent and new technology that have become available. Due to this phenomenon, businesses have required to become more creative and embrace change as an essential method of staying competitive in their marketplace. The increase in ethnic group migration to New Zealand and the concept of managing this diverse range of culture and interacting with individuals with different cultures, belief systems isRead MoreManaging Diversity Within The Workplace1605 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract- Managing Diversity in the workplace requires a lot of focus, training, and time. This paper gives an insight into the world of management and how diversity plays a big part. It explores the key benefits to putting emphasis on diversity and also how not putting emphasis on diversity could hurt your business. This paper also gives examples on how to go about managing diversity in the workplace. With proper focus on managing diversity, your organization can be at a big advantage. I. INTRODUCTIONRead MoreManaging Organizational Diversity845 Words   |  3 Pagesnon-profit and profit organizations to not only become open to change but also be creative. According to Kouzes Barry (2002) â€Å"management of diversity has gained popularity in the recent years and despite its distinct contexts, it is gaining more attention as a result of demographic development, mobility of national and global workforce, international and globalised business as well as increased competitiveness†. Diversity is not only beneficial to the employees but also to organizations’ managers. EvenRead MoreThe Best Practices Diversity Management And How Do They Improve Organizational Performance?924 Words   |  4 Pagespractices in diversity management and how do they improve organizational performance? Introduction As we enter the new phase of modern labor, diversity in the workforce is rapidly increasing. This wave of multiculturalism is here to stay and cannot be ignored by the present workers or students that are preparing to take charge of the future workforce. It is in need of attention in order to uphold the well-being and success of businesses and organizations all over the world. Diversity TheRead MoreEssay about Managing Diversity in the Workplace1449 Words   |  6 Pagesand non-profit organizations need diversity to become more creative and open to change. Maximizing and capitalizing on workplace diversity has become an important issue for management today (UCSF). Workplace diversity refers to having a variety of different types of people working together within a place of business. Employee gender, race, religion, sexual preference, physical appearance, family or marital status, education, culture, personality, or tenure establishes diversity in the workplaceRead MoreManaging Workforce Diversity: Principles of Management643 Words   |  3 PagesManaging workforce diversity: Principles of management Workforce diversity can be an organizations greatest strength provided it is managed correctly. Diversity can generate organizational value. Workers of diverse backgrounds can provide input to management about how to cope with the challenges of the global marketplace. A Japanese-American employee can provide advice about to deal with a client from the Far East; a female employee can offer her input about how to market a new product to sparkRead MoreStrategic Thinking : A Coherent, Integrative And Unifying Framework For Making Decisions1452 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans that innovation and strategy are converging to help in productivity. Innovation has the potential to change the agents within an organization to become better entrepreneurs to meet various challenges. Strategic thinking is crucial in creating a coherent, integrative and unifying framework for making decisions particular regarding the direction in which an organization goes and the resources it plans to utilize (Goldsmit h, 2009). In some way, strategic thinking utilizes external and internalRead MoreWorkplace Diversity : The Visible Or Invisible Differences Among Employees Of An Organization1653 Words   |  7 PagesWorkforce Diversity defines the visible or invisible differences among employees of an organization and could be divided in to three major components such as Primary, Secondary and Organizational and Community. Factors such as Age, Gender, Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity represents Primary while Appearance, Educational Background, Marital Status, Work experience represents Secondary and Job position, Specialization, Nationality, Life stage represents Organizational and Community. In recent years, organizations

Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh Free Essays

Home  Ã‚  About Bangladesh  Ã‚  Investment and Trade  Ã‚  FDI in Bangladesh Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh| | | | Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has played a key role in the modernization of the Bangladesh economy for the last 15 years. | Inflows of Foreign Direct InvestmentThere was an inflows of $666m foreign direct investment in 2007 which raised significantly in 2008 to $1086m. As of 2011, inflows of foreign direct investment recorded to $1136. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8m. Inflows of foreign direct investment during 2007-2011Source: World Investment Report 2011  Private Investment Statistics Year| Proposed Local Investment| Proposed Foreign Investment| Total Proposed Investment| Growth %  | | Project| BDT| Project| BDT| Project| BDT| | 2005-2006| 1754| 18370| 135| 24986| 1889| 43356| 124. 62| 2006-2007| 1930| 19658| 191| 11925| 2121| 31583| -27. 15| 2007-2008| 1615| 19553| 143| 5433| 1758| 24986| -20. 9| 2008-2009| 1336| 17117| 132| 14749| 1468| 31867| 27. 54| 2009-2010| 1470| 27414| 160| 6261| 1630| 33678| 5. 67| 2010-2011| 1298| 39976| 148| 26935| 1446| 66912| 98. 71| 2011-2012| 1604| 497078| 209| 338910| 1813| 835989| 212| * March, 2012Source:Bangladesh Economic Review-2011 (Bangla version),  Ministry of FinanceForeign and Joint Venture InvestmentIn the year 2009-10 (February), there were 89 new foreign and joint venture investment projects registered to BOI which amount to $590m. The projects were invested to mainly in the service, engineering, clothing and agricultural sectors. Sectorwise foreign and joint venture investment during 2010-2011** As of March, 2011Source:Bangladesh Economic Review-2011 (Bangla version),  Ministry of FinanceCountrywise foreign and joint venture investment during 2009-2010* Country| No. of Projects| Proposed Investment (US$ m)| Saudi Arabia| 3| 478. 652| Australia| 4| 2. 036| USA| 5| 2. 990| Finland| 2| 3. 023| India| 9| 8. 451| South Korea| 12| 33. 768| Malaysia| 3| 3. 056| Netherlands| 5| 8. 544| China| 12| 21. 000| United Kingdom| 5| 3. 507| Pakistan| 2| 0. 990| Japan| 8| 2. 624| Denmark| 1| 1. 217| Sri Lanka| 2| 0. 646| Canada| 2| 1. 017| Taiwan| 1| 0. 502| Singapore| 4| 1. 929| Turkey| 1| 0. 150| Greece| 1| 0. 156| Italy| 2| 1. 039| Hong Kong| 5| 14. 805| Total| 89| 590. 102| As of February, 2010Source:Bangladesh Economic Review-2011 (Bangla version),  Ministry of Finance| How to cite Foreign Direct Investment in Bangladesh, Essay examples

Business Research Methodology Management

Question: Compare and contrast three business research papers as to describe how the researchers considered ethical concerns, ensured validity, performed data collection, and defined measurements using proper scales. Explain why the researchers exhibited similarities and differences in how they considered ethical concerns, ensured validity, performed data collection, and defined measurements using proper scales. Derive two rules given the above analysis. Explain why the rules you derived is important. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the essay is to contrast and compare three different article business research papers based on the way the researcher has defined the variables and the theoretical framework. The three essays considered for the analysis and comparison is based on leadership styles, its impact and consequences on the performance and employee outcome. The three articles are compared with respect to different methods and measures that are used by the researcher. The first article is examines the impact of transformational, transactional and non-transactional leadership on the outcomes of the workforce in International Luxury Hotels which also included the additional effort, efficiency and the satisfaction with the manager. The second article is studies the role of top management ethical leadership through ethical and procedural justice climate on the organizational performance. The third article considers the relationship between the ethical leadership and the work-related well being which is of two types: work engagement and emotional exhaustion (Alshammari, N. Almutairi Fahad Thuwaini, 2015). The essay will focus on the similarities and differences in the way the researcher approached the research. Article 1: The researcher of Article 1 collected data from the employees of the eleven 4-star hotels in Spain. The researcher performed sequence of statistical analyses which identified the factors of three leadership approach through the multi-factor leadership questionnaire (MLQ), examined the impact of leadership styles on the outcome of the employees and assessed the restraining consequence of the diverse types of ownership of hotels on the connection between the leadership styles and employee result (Quintana, Park Cabrera, 2014). The data analysis included ten hypotheses and the data collected was based on the paper based survey from the employees of the international hotels. The paper based survey was conducted on 405 employees of three departments of the eleven hotels. The total valid responses that were collected were only 191 with the response rate to be 24.6%, 18.3%, 23.1% and 34% for the reception, restaurant, housekeeping and other staffs of the department. The content validity of the instrument is ensured by the researcher by an invitation to the group of hotel professionals requested evaluation of the sample and the clarity of the process. The responses of the respondents were calculated based on a 5- point Likert scale. According to the MLQ measurements, a professional panel and the pre-test ensured the content validity. The data analysis of carried out as descriptive analysis and the Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis which tested the hypotheses with the help of SEM and multiple regression analysis. Although the research did not include any ethical concern but the fact that the employees have participated in the survey ensures that the ethical concern has been expressed by the researcher and permission and requests have been made for the completion of the research. Variables used in the research: In the Structural estimation model, there were two variables of transformational leadership which is the idealized attributes and intellectual simulation. The researcher also considered three dependent variables for the commencement of the multiple regression analysis. The dependent variables are transformational leadership as idealized attributes, idealized behavior, inspiration motivation, individualized consideration and intellectual simulation, transactional leadership as conditional reward and management by exception (active and passive) and the Non-transactional leadership as Laissez- Faire. The dependent variables are Satisfaction, added effort and the effectiveness. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework developed by the researcher recommended incorporating factors to derive efficient management of leadership styles to enhance the employee outcomes within the hotel industry: Improving the leadership qualities of the managers Encouragement of the employees by rewards and recognition Training for increasing the association between the employees and the employers Article 2: The theoretical framework of the Article 2 is empirically tested using the multi source data acquired from 4468 employees of the 147 Korean companies covering different industries. The research focused on two firm level outcome variables which are the organizational citizen behavior (OCB) and financial performance. The researcher framed five hypotheses based in the relationship between the top management ethical leadership and the organizational outcomes. The hypotheses was test using a corporate survey data collection method by the Korean Research Institute of Vocational Education and Training and the financial performance of each of the organization was obtained from each of the organization acquired by the Korean Investors Service (KIS) (Shin, Sung, Choi Kim, 2014). The researcher conducted stratified random sampling to draw the sample from the private organization listed under the KIS. The corporate survey conducted over 4231 employees where the responses were based on five-poin t Likert scale. Variables used in the research: The control variables are organization size, manufacturing industry, banking industry, service industry, construction industry, top management ethical leadership. Ethical climate, procedural justice climate, Firm level OCB and the financial performance. The researcher has taken permission from the employees and the top management of all the companies on conducting the survey without disclosing any information of any employee and managers. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework implemented by the research had suggested certain aspects that needs to be considered to improve the ethical leadership quality so that the performance of the firm is improved: Appointing appropriate managers. Shaping the cognition and behavior of the organizational members Formulating the ethical norms within the organization Provision of training to both the employees and employers Article 3: The study of Article 3 scrutinized the reconciling role of trust in supervisor. The researcher conducted survey to collect data from 216 trainee accountants from an array of organization. In this research, the structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized to test the five hypotheses (Chughtai, Byrne Flood, 2014). The survey was conducted at two time periods. For the descriptive statistics the variables are gender, age, ethical leadership, trust in supervisor, work engagement and emotional exhaustion. For the measurement model there are four latent variables such as the ethical leadership, trust in supervisor, work engagement and emotional exhaustion. The researcher had been concerned about the ethical aspects of the survey and so the Research Ethics Committee of the researchers university had granted ethical approval for the conduct of the research. Theoretical framework: In this article that theoretical framework which the researcher has used to improve the well being: Improving the relationship between the supervisor and trainees Developing the trust between the trainee and supervisor Ensuring that the organization has high employee engagement Both the article 1 and article 2 defined the dependent variables to be the leadership styles. The method of data collection is similar as both the type of researcher used the survey method based on questionnaires provided to the employees. The independent variables for both the research are the organizational outcomes and performances. The measurement of the survey for both the article is the five-point Likert scale which helped to analyze the organizational behavior. As far as the third article is concerned, the dependent variables include the ethical leadership. The third article also conducted a survey similar to article 1 and 2 but with two time periods. The reasons for the definition of the variables are that all the three articles are based on the leadership styles and patterns in different sectors. The first and the third article both had used the SEM and multiple regression analysis to obtain the results (Chatterjee, 2014). The operationalized variables in the first article include three divisions in the leadership style which are transformational, transactional and non-transactional leadership and the employee outcome is also segregated into additional effort, efficiency and the satisfaction with the manager. The second and the third article deal in the impact of ethical leadership on the organizational outcomes and the employee well being (Chughtai, 2015). The difference in the third article and the first and second article is that in the third article the survey is conducted within two periods whereas the other articles conducted survey within a single period. The reason behind the differences is to avoid the common method variance. The difference in the defining variables is as such similar except that the leadership styles are operationalized in the article 1 and it is the ethical leadership that is considered in the article 2 and 3 (Garrett, 2010). Conclusion: The time is one of the most important elements of research design. The analysis has revealed that a casual relationship implies that some time has gone between the cause and the consequences. Hence for the research design it is the time element that must be incorporated so that the common variance method is eliminated and the analysis is done clearly. Thus, the three articles though focus on the aspect of leadership styles and the ethical leadership and their impact on the employee performance, outcome and the well being. All the research are based on the questionnaire survey but the results data analysis for some research is the SEM and for second research is the PLS (Lu Lin, 2013). Although each of the research has certain limitations but it is the time dimension that must be incorporated within the research method (Weber Gerde, 2010). References Alshammari, A., N. Almutairi, N., Fahad Thuwaini, S. (2015). 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